Effectiveness and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor initiation in sacubitril-valsartan users with heart failure: a population-based cohort study

Large-scale real-world evidence regarding outcomes of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) initiation added to sacubitril-valsartan is currently limited. We aim to investigate effectiveness and safety of SGLT2i initiation among older sacubitril-valsartan users with heart failure in routine clinical practice.

This prevalent new-user cohort study used linkable administrative data in Ontario, Canada, to emulate a target trial. In sacubitril-valsartan users with heart failure aged ≥66 years, SGLT2i initiators were matched on time-conditional propensity scores to non-initiators (October 2019 to June 2024). The primary effectiveness outcome was a composite of hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) or all-cause mortality. We also studied safety outcomes, including acute kidney injury (AKI), genital infection, urinary tract infection (UTI), falls, hospitalization for hypotension, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hypoglycaemia. Among 5000 matched pairs, SGLT2i initiation was associated with lower HHF or all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.64–0.78; 1-year absolute risk: 13.9% vs. 19.2%]. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor initiation was associated with a higher genital infection risk (2.36, 1.58–3.51; 1.8% vs. 0.7%) but not with higher rates of falls, hospitalization for hypotension, or UTI. Diabetic ketoacidosis was uncommon among SGLT2i users with diabetes as were hypoglycaemic events among SGLT2i users without diabetes. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor initiation showed lower AKI among those with diabetes (0.78, 0.66–0.94) but not among those without diabetes (1.01, 0.66–0.94; HR homogeneity: P = 0.035).

This observational real-world evidence study supports effectiveness of SGLT2i among older sacubitril-valsartan users with heart failure, and suggests no increase in the safety outcomes studied, except genital infection.