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Cost vs reward: comparing educational cost and incomes for cardiology careers in the United States and Europe

European Heart Journal

26 February 2026
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ESC Journals

Contributors

Felix Rudolph
Felix Rudolph

Author

Heart and Diabetes Center NRW Bad Oeynhausen , Germany

Mert Tokcan
Mert Tokcan

Author

Daniel S Matasic
Daniel S Matasic

Author

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