Role of multi-modality cardiac imaging in the management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 2025. A Clinical Consensus Statement of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) of the ESC

European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging

4 November 2025

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Abstract

After the 2014, European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) were published, the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) of the ESC developed the 2015 EACVI consensus paper on multi-modality imaging (MMI) in HCM, providing in-depth knowledge on the role of imaging in this disease. Since then, new evidence on HCM diagnosis, management and patient prognosis has accumulated, and the role of MMI has further expanded. Now that the 2023 ESC guidelines on cardiomyopathies have been published, a new EACVI document on MMI in HCM is needed, providing state-of-the-art, in-depth knowledge of imaging in HCM. The scope of this document is to focus on the role of the different imaging techniques in HCM in a logical, didactic and comprehensive way using a multi-modality approach. We provide our vision for future directions on MMI in HCM.