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Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study and pooling prospective studies
M. Mazidi1
,
N. Katsiki2
,
D.P. Mikhailidis3
,
M. Banach4
,
1Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science - Gothenburg - Sweden
,
2Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine - Thessaloniki - Greece
,
3University College London, Department of Clinical Biochemistry - London - United Kingdom
,
4Medical University of Lodz, Department of Hypertension - Lodz - Poland
,
On behalf: International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP)
Background: Little is known on the long-term association between low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) and mortality.
Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the link between LCD with total and cause-specific mortality by applying on both individual data and pooling prospective studies.
Methods: Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (1999–2010) were collected. We used adjusted Cox regression to determine the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI), as well as random effects models and generic inverse variance methods to synthesize quantitative and pooling data, followed by a leave-one-out method for sensitivity analysis.
Results: Based on the data from NHANES with 24825 participants (mean age of 47.6 years, comprising 48.6% men and 51.4% women), after adjustment, participants in the top quartile (Q4) of LCD had the highest risk of total (32%; hazard ratio [HR] 1.32 [1.14–2.01], p<0.001), cardiovascular (CVD) (50%; 1.50 [1.12–2.31], p<0.001), cerebrovascular (51%; 1.51 [1.19–1.91], p<0.001) and cancer (36%; 1.36 [1.09–1.83], p<0.001) mortality. In the same model, the association between LCD and total mortality was stronger in the non-obese (0.48%) than in the obese (19%) participants. Findings based on the meta-analysis of 7 prospective cohorts with 447,506 participants and 39,326 mortality cases indicted a positive association between LCD and total (RR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.07–1.22, p<0.001, I2=8.6) (figure 1A), CVD (RR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02–1.24, p<0.001, I2=11.2) (figure 1B) and cancer mortality (RR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01–1.14, p=0.02, I2=10.3). These findings were robust in sensitivity analyses.
Conclusions: Our study highlighted the unfavorable effect of LCD on total and cause-specific mortality, based on both individual data and by pooling previous cohort studies. Given the fact that LCDs may be unsafe, it would be preferable not to currently recommend these diets. Further studies to clarify the mechanisms involved in these associations and to support our findings are eagerly awaited.
This content is currently on FREE ACCESS, enjoy another 15 days of free consultation
In these unprecedented times, the ESC is doing everything it can to support its community: FREE access to all ESC 365 content until 31 July: explore more than 125,000 educational resources.
In line with the ESC mission, newly presented content is made available to all for a limited time (4 months for ESC Congress, 3 months for other events). ESC Professional Members, Association Members (Ivory & above) benefit from year-round access to all the resources from their respective Association, and to all content from previous years. Fellows of the ESC (FESC), and Professionals in training or under 40 years old, who subscribed to a Young Combined Membership package benefit from access to all ESC 365 content from all events, all editions, all year long. Find out more about ESC Memberships here.
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